AT A GLANCE:
Disability encompasses people with physical, intellectual, and sensory impairments, as well as people with mental health conditions.
The Bank’s work in this area is guided by three factors: multi-sectoral approach, analytical expertise and leadership role.
The Bank is working in three key areas: building internal and external capacity, regional working groups and international partnerships .
Overview
Estimates of how many people in developing countries live with some form of disability vary. Country definitions and measurement systems vary widely, as do official estimates.
The World Bank is working with the United Nation’s Washington Group on Disability Statistics and the World Health Organization (WHO) to establish an internationally comparable approach for measuring the prevalence of disability. In the few developing countries in which this approach has been implemented, findings indicate a disability rate of about 10-12 percent, with about 2-4 percent of the population having significant disabilities. This estimate is in line with the United Nations’ often cited figure of 10 percent rate, which is more like an informed guess based on data available from developed countries.
Efforts to reduce poverty and spur economic growth will fall short if the plight of disabled people is ignored. For example, disabled people face significant barriers to full participation in society, including the ability to participate in the job market or receive adequate education and job training. Stigma and discrimination can be very severe, and exist not only towards people with disabilities, but in some countries, their families suffer similar treatment. To avoid this prospect, families may hide members with disabilities, preventing them from benefiting from services that may be available.
Even in developed countries, employment rates of disabled people remain much lower than those of the overall population, in part because of bias by employers. Inadequate education, health services, and safety nets can often lead to family members of people with disabilities having to forgo paid employment to stay at home to provide care. These factors translate into forgone GDP of about 5-7 percent.
How Disability Affects Countries
In Uganda, disabled people are nearly 40 percent more likely to be poor, and children living in households with disabled family members are less likely to attend school.
In Serbia, the poverty rate of disabled people is 70 percent.
In Honduras, 51 percent of people with disabilities are illiterate compared to 19 percent for the general population.. Without access to education and employment they will remain in poverty.
What Do We Mean By The Term ‘Disability’?
Disability is not simply a medical condition. It results from the interaction of physical, mental, or sensory impairments with culture, social institutions, and physical environments. People with physical or mental limitations are often disabled not because of a diagnosable condition, but because they are denied access to education, labor markets, and public services. This exclusion leads to poverty and, in a vicious circle, poverty leads to more disability by increasing people’s vulnerability to malnutrition, disease, and unsafe living and working conditions.
This concept of disability is known as the social model of disability, in contrast to the older medical model of disability. The medical model focused on the individual’s clinical condition. The social model views disability as an interaction between individuals’ functional limitations and the environment.
Thus, disability encompasses people with physical, intellectual, and sensory disabilities, as well as people with mental health conditions. They include people whose disabilities are readily apparent and those whose disabilities are invisible, as in cases of learning disabilities or depression. They include people born with disabilities as well as those who acquire them through malnutrition, disease, conflict, traffic accidents, and unsafe living and working conditions.
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