Scuba diving is a very complex sport that requires a hefty state of knowledge before literally diving in to the scuba diving process. There are many dangers that are both obvious as well as hidden dangers that accompany a scuba dive mission and the deeper the dive is, the more dangerous it becomes. There are many specifics and intricate details that have to be dealt with in learning the scuba diving process as well as understanding properties in order to mix your oxygen properly.

The scuba diving process involves learning the basics to diving and must be taken through a certified training course in a certified establishment that uses current equipment as well as provides the absolute latest information regarding the scuba diving processes as well as practices. These are largely geared at a classroom setting initially as before you can dive in to a pool to try out your new knowledge, you must first gain a solid understanding of the scuba diving process.

Finding Certified Scuba Diving Training

The key to beginning the scuba diving process is to start with the very best knowledge that you can gain by researching and understanding the steps involved as well as the guidelines and certifications that you will require to continue on the scuba diving process. The main thing to understand before beginning or considering any scuba diving process is that there are many regulations that surround scuba diving and you have to follow them to the letter as they are designed for your safety as well as to promote the safety of all scuba divers. For example there are many instances where divers have lost lives because they have come up too fast from the depths of the ocean and have perished from the ‘bends’.

In learning the scuba diving process it is imperative to understand such things as the ‘bends’ because it can easily take your life and at very least cause severe trauma to your body, brain and many other organs. This condition is actually caused from the body not adjusting to the different compression factors and can cause the same effect as uncapping a bottle of shaken cola. If you release the bottle in this state it will shake and twist to and fro as the gas escapes the bottle and this is the adequate way to explain the ‘bends’ which is why learning the scuba diving process is absolutely essential.

If you want to learn more about Scuba Diving Vacations please visit our site which is free to the public. You’ll find the best tips on everything to do with Scuba Diving

Scuba stands for “Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus.” A scuba is gear that allows you to complete a range of underwater explorations and activities. Scuba in addition refers to groups of individuals who engage in or are enthusiasts of scuba diving.

If you happen to visit or holiday in seaside destinations, you will become aware that diving programs are typically presented in these places. If you have not very much or no scuba diving practice, diving programs can aid you to obtain the experience you should have to undertake scuba diving in a specific location. Many travelers and scuba diving enthusiasts voyage to exotic seaside destinations and scuba dive there so that they can develop skills and become set to scuba dive in other more tricky scuba diving spots or locations.

Scuba diving lets you explore much deeper undersea, rather than simply a few meters under the surface. Scuba diving allows you the opportunity to get nearer to the underwater ecosystem. Although scuba diving gear may be heavy, it does not appear so when you are undersea. When you scuba dive, you carry with you every one of the needed scuba gear you need in order for you to breathe comfortably underwater. As soon as you are underwater, you can choose to glide underwater by propelling yourself with fins and your own strength. However, you can also use a little mechanical vehicle if you would rather move underwater faster. many times scuba divers use devices that keep them attached to their boats.

Even though scuba diving is still evolving, it already has several common classifications including recreational diving, technical diving, military diving and commercial diving. There are also other scuba diving groups, but these are the more everyday ones. Essentially, a scuba diving classification is dependant upon the scuba diver and the gear utilized.

Jack H. Johnson is a recreational scuba diver that takes pleasure in diving unusual destinations as well as the area lake. Click here: scuba instruction to get a free report he has composed for the beginner and the intermediate scuba diver. Click here: scuba diving equipment to go to the scuba diving tips articles section he has also put together to give you even more scuba information.

There’s no reason not to be using a personal dive computer! Price isn’t a factor anymore, especially considering the investment required to dive in the first place. The technology continues to improve, costs are decreasing and the benefits are many.

These things are great! Everything you need is integrated into a wrist top unit. Some even incorporate watch functionality, as well as some functions of other gauges including tank pressure. And yes, you can spend a lot, but it’s not necessary to get what you need.

For those of you asking “so what’s in it for me?”, read on. How about more bottom time; more complex, multi-level dive plans calculated real time; variable mixes for nitrox and mixed gas; and dive logging for starters.

Who hasn’t had to cut a dive short because they deviated from their dive plan and for safety’s sake defaulted to a more conservative bottom time? It happens all the time. You see what you think might be a huge green moray peeking out a hole some few feet further down, and you take a couple minutes to check it out.

Bam, now you blew your plan. Choices are to pull out an RDP (assuming you brought one down) and recalculate, which will probably waste any time you would’ve regained, or cut the dive short to be sure you stay within your no-deco limits.

On the other hand, if you were using a computer, it would recalculate on the fly, showing your new limits. Instead of surfacing earlier, you simply adjust your time and depth during the remainder of the dive and voila – you maximized your bottom time without compromising safety.

Speaking of safety, don’t turn into one those nuts who abuse the computer by diving to the edge of its limits. That’s a really good way to get bent or some more serious decompression illness.

Know your tables, and know your limits. If you use a wrist computer, it’s easy to forget the basics.
To avoid that, simply brush up on your tables from time to time and plan a few dives the “old-fashioned way”. It’s good practice and keeps you safe.

That being said, it’s a no-brainer – get a personal dive computer, use it wisely, and enjoy more of why you took up scuba diving to begin with.

You can learn more about getting a wrist dive computer, along with other articles by John Allen on scuba gear and diving, at his website which sells dive computers and watches at http://www.mydivewatch.com.

Thousands of divers travel annually to explore the depths of the amazing underwater world of the Red Sea. How many of them, I wonder, spare a moment to question the paradox of this dazzling blue paradise described red?

Of course the name doesn’t indicate a permanent red colour as the water is most definitely blue when viewed from afar, golden green around the reefs and transparent when scooped up into one’s hand. But just why the Red Sea is so called is a complicated mystery and while several theories abound, none are conclusive.

The sea has been variously known throughout history as the ‘Arabian Gulf’ or the ‘Erythraean Sea’. In fact ancient Egyptian mariners referred to this same body of water as the ‘Great Green’ or ‘Green Sea’. Conversely the name ‘Erythraean Sea’ has also been applied to the waters around the Southern Arabian Peninsula, which we now know today as the Indian Ocean. The name ‘Red Sea’ even appears at one time to refer to the entire maritime area between Africa, Arabia and south Asia.

The most common accepted explanation for the current name is the frequent red tide of a plankton bloom caused by a type of algae called Trichodesmium Erythraeum. When these algae blooms die off the blue-green colour of the sea appears to change to that of reddish-brown.

Some say the name is taken from the sometimes peculiar red colouring on the waters caused by the light of the setting sun reflecting off the mountain ranges of the surrounding Sinai Peninsula. In Hebrew these mountains are in fact called the ‘Rubi Mountains’.

Others maintain that the current name is a translation error made by early Bible scholars from the original Hebrew version of the Old Testament’s book of Exodus, which describes the parting of the Red Sea and the subsequent escape from Egypt of thousands of Jewish slaves led by Moses. The main cause of the confusion appears to be that in the Hebrew text the reference to the body of water associated with the exodus is called ‘yam suph’. Translated directly this means ’sea of reeds’, leading some to believe that over time reed has simply been misspelled or shortened to red.

Regardless of the origins of its name, there’s no doubting the fact that for centuries the Red Sea has been a scene of shipwreck and adventure for pilgrims, pirates, merchants and smugglers.

Today the adventure continues with numerous divers continually pushing the limits to uncover its magical attractions hidden just below the surface, no doubt much more concerned with this mystery than that of its name.

Photographs available.

Elizabeth Hutcheson is a travel and fiction writer living in Dublin. Contact her at elizabethhutcheson[at]hotmail.com

Fiji’s reefs are known worldwide as being some of the richest in the world teeming with life and colour. For the purposes of this discussion, the key elements of this ‘life and colour’ are that they occur in tropical waters – generally warm and clear - and also at relatively shallow depths.

Yes, of course, Fiji has abyssal walls and drop offs and pelagic action to suit anyone’s taste but the fact of the matter is the most abundant life on coral reefs is at less than 20 metres. This is great news for those wishing to spend their time under water rather than sitting on the dive boat. We do not have the extreme physiological impact of cold water and rarely are dives limited by no-decompression times but rather by air consumption. Therefore there is a real opportunity to max out on your underwater time.

For many, however, short dives are the reality and there is the frustration of having to do your safety stop and end the dive whilst other divers are still enjoying being underwater with plenty of air still in the tank. Inevitably, when those other divers return to the boat they are asked ‘how do you do that – what is your secret’. This always prompts the macho ‘how much air do you have left’ discussion between everyone on the dive boat – (there obviously has to be some competitiveness to diving!) – But what are the underlying reasons for the disparities.

It is well documented that there are physiological differences between men and women! In terms of diving, women statistically fare better than men with regards to air consumption. Lung capacity is generally smaller as is muscle mass – both are air consumption relevant. It’s not a golden rule, but you can assume that someone 5 ft tall and 110 lbs will consume less air at rest than someone 6 foot 4 inches and weighing 200 lbs.

So, can we do something about our own air consumption underwater or do we have to put up with what we are given by nature? As a dive resort owner who has completed over 1500 dives in the last 5 years in Fiji (mostly as a guide or instructor) I have some personal opinions and observations on this subject. Some you may agree with – others not – let me know. Before I continue, let me state the obvious. All of us learned on our first ever dive course (whichever agency sanctioned) that it is essential we breathe continuously underwater. That is not to say that we might not pause now and again however breath holding, withholding breathing, skip breathing or whatever you want to call it can lead to serious problems. See what you think of my suggestions , try them out and then see if your breathing is even the real issue at stake.

Comfort / skills

This is a fairly obvious place to start. Unless you are comfortable in the water and confident of your diving skills can you ever be relaxed enough to achieve optimum air consumption? Being relaxed (or able to be relaxed) is the key to everything I discuss below – the more relaxed and natural you are underwater the easier diving will become - it is a self fulfilling prophesy. Do a deal with yourself – practice 1 thing you are uncomfortable with on every dive (yes, even mask clearing or removal!) until it becomes second nature. After that, don’t stop – do it because you enjoy it!

Positive buoyancy at the surface

This is a huge issue and should have been stressed time and again on your initial dive course. In my experience, over 30% of all qualified (and experienced) divers we take diving are slightly out of breath before they start their first dive, especially when they have not dived recently! Think what this will do for air consumption on the dive. Why is this the case? They are paddling, don’t have enough air in their BCD’s, are uncomfortable with the surface conditions etc. Basically, they forgot to trust and use their equipment. It’s not only air consumption at stake here. A large percentage of all diving incidents occur on the surface, mostly through over exertion.

A good way to overcome this is to hang about on the surface. Let the dive boat pick someone else up first after a dive whilst you float around. Have enough air in your BCD to lie back and stop kicking completely. If there is a short swim to the dive site, it is often easier to do this a couple of metres under the water than at the surface – especially in choppy conditions. Believe me; if you can avoid getting even slightly out of breath you will save masses of air.

Depth

As already mentioned, it is not essential to go deep or stay deep on Fiji’s reefs. You might want to go and look at something specific at depth but if you find you use more air than your fellow divers, try reducing the average depth of your dive. With clear water, you can happily be a few metres above the other divers and still stay in touch. Assuming a conservative air consumption of 20 litres per minute at the surface and also assuming you breathe a tank from 200 bar at the start to 50 bar back on the surface (total 1800 litres) – at an average depth of 15 metres you will have enough air for a 36 minute dive. At an average depth of 10 metres you will have enough air for a 45 minute dive. This is a massive 25% increase in time. Why not spend time exploring the shallows during the latter part of the dive. This is perfect in the tropics as you will see a huge amount of life in great natural bright light. It is also great for your dive profile and repetitive dive no decompression limits.

Equipment

Again, as you learned in your dive course, equipment causes drag through the water, drag means extra effort which means higher air consumption. You learned therefore that the gear you carry should be streamlined. What I am about to say may not be popular as many divers are very attached to their ‘gear’. Consider streamlining your gear by not taking it in the water in the first place or better still, leaving it at home! I can virtually put money on the guy who has been diving for years and is carrying half a dive shop underwater with him will be the first up.

It’s always a matter of personal choice, but when diving in tropical waters you really can pare down to the bare essentials. Why not take off your dry suit inflator hose – you won’t need it. It feels so much better when you’re not laden down with all the latest gadgets and it does wonders for your air consumption (and excess baggage charges!). If you don’t have the ideal tropical setup, consider hiring you gear – your dive resort should have plenty of high quality equipment available for rental.

Weighting

Correct weighting is essential for efficient air consumption. Weighting is a key component in buoyancy control (discussed below) but also has a tremendous impact on your efficiency in the water. Overweighting tends to drag the lower part of the body down so even if neutrally buoyant, divers need to kick continuously to remain horizontal in the water. All that kicking requires energy which requires air. To make matters worse, if you are over weighted, you will need to add more air to your jacket to remain neutrally buoyant at depth – your jacket will therefore have more volume causing more drag through the water. A double whammy on your air consumption! Additionally, the more weight you carry, the more inertia you have (think about a truck braking as opposed to a car) meaning it takes more effort to change direction and as we know effort equals air – is there such a thing as a triple whammy? Under weighting will have similar impact on your air consumption as you struggle to kick down towards the end of a dive whilst your tank is trying to pull you up.

Remember you will breathe 1.5kg plus of air during your dive so always adjust your weight for the air you expect to have at the end. If you are correctly weighted for 1 dive are you necessarily correctly weighted for another (assuming no changes in wetsuit etc)? Not necessarily! If diving in current, which is frequently in Fiji, I find it easier to be slightly over weighted. You can use less energy if having to swim into a current by ‘falling’ into it using your extra weight. Also if there are up currents you can use the weight to your advantage without having to swim down. At any rate, think about the dive you are doing and weight accordingly.

Buoyancy

Mastering your buoyancy is a key skill relevant to all aspects of your diving. If you have complete buoyancy control you can eliminate extraneous movements underwater. As water is so dense, all movements use much more energy than the same movement on land and hence use more air. Correct buoyancy also allows you to perfect the fin kick of your choice to propel you most efficiently through the water. There are many fun exercises you can do to hone your buoyancy but something you should do all the time on every dive is use fixed visual references to give you a continual picture of where you are relative to everything else. If you catch buoyancy lapses quickly, you spend less energy correcting them thus conserving more air.

Trim

If you get yourself neutrally buoyant but find that you fall forwards, backwards or to one side or another then your trim needs adjusting (imagine everyone on a small plane suddenly standing up and all moving to one side!). You can correct yourself in the water, (using movement, energy and therefore more air) as many times as you wish however you will always fall back unless you correct the cause. The solution is normally as simple as shifting a weight slightly. It won’t fix itself - don’t put up with it!

Arm movement

If you’ve ever done an aerobics class, there’s a reason the instructor makes you do all those arm movements until you feel that they are going to drop off. It’s exactly the same reasoning that made your diving instructor want to tie you arms to your side during your first dive course. The introduction of upper body movement can increase your metabolism by up to 30%. Great if you want to burn calories in an aerobics class, disastrous for air consumption on a dive – enough said!

Pace / kick style / movement

Divers often show their personalities in the way they dive – there are those who are very busy buzzing about the reef and those who are laid back and going with the flow. Guess who normally lucks out on air consumption? During training, I often get my students to see if they can increase their dive speed by just 50%. Sounds easy however the effort required leaves them and me gasping for breath after about 30 seconds. That particular dive doesn’t tend to last very long!

Obviously all movement cannot be cut out on a dive else you would never go anywhere. It is very important therefore that movements should be as energy efficient as possible. Because of the density of water, slow steady movements are most efficient – there is no use fighting water, it will win every time and rob you of your air to boot. Pace your dive and try to develop an efficient fin kick which allows you to kick and glide, kick and gliiide, kick and gliiiiiiiide – you get the idea.

Photography

‘Well what about it?’ I hear you ask. And my answer may be unpopular with a lot of people. In my opinion most divers take cameras into the water before they have sufficiently honed their diving skills. Destruction of the reefs aside (as out of control diver/photographers crash into it) this is a discussion on air consumption. A camera is another piece of gear to cope with. It causes drag, is a distraction and can task load someone who still has skills such as buoyancy to master. All of these factors will cause an increase in air consumption. With the revolution in digital cameras and housings, underwater photography is within reach of many divers and of course it is great fun. If you are concerned about your air consumption and dive with a camera, do an experiment. Leave the camera on the boat for 1 dive and see if it makes a significant difference. If so (and I believe even the most experienced photographers use more air when taking photos than diving without a camera) you have a simple decision to make – enjoy the fun of photography or enjoy extra dive time. In time you will be able to do both but maybe leave the camera behind sometimes so you can hone your diving skills. Of course that’s going to be the dive when you bump into a school of hammerheads, 20 mantas………..

Physical Fitness

It would seem to make intuitive sense that good cardiovascular fitness would lead to better air consumption. It is however a difficult one to prove as there are so many variables at play. I can’t find any strong studies on this subject and think that it would be fascinating to conduct one. On one hand you have fitter people being able to make better use of air relating to exercise but on another you have increased muscle ratio and higher metabolism burning more calories at rest. Yoga has certainly shown many benefits in diving; it helps stress management, improves mental alertness, teaches you how to relax, improved use of senses, increases flexibility and concentration on breathing techniques. Overall it would seem to make sense that as in any sport, a diver should maintain some degree of physical fitness.

Breathing techniques

Note how far down the list I have put breathing techniques and this is the one people feel holds the magic answer. I firmly believe that if you address all the previously discussed headings, relax and get the basics right, you will see an improvement in your air consumption. Again, yoga teaches breathing techniques as part of relaxation and there are some things you can try underwater. It is widely accepted that in diving, breathing should be slow and deliberate (as in yoga) using the full normal range of the lungs. I and others have found that reversing your normal pattern of breathing can really help you use air more efficiently hence conserving it. At rest, your normal breathing pattern will be; breathe in, breath straight out, pause with empty lungs for second or 2 and then repeat. Try reversing this by breathing in slowly, pausing at the top of the breath, breathing out slowly then immediately in slowly again with no pause at the bottom of the breath. I find I adopt this pattern automatically when diving – try it and see if it works for you.

Final Thoughts

I have discussed 12 aspects of our sport where I believe you can make a difference in your air consumption. Some may only yield tiny results, some larger or none at all. I am convinced however that if you are concerned about high air usage and address all of these areas you will see a continued and significant improvement. I hope that divers reading this will have their own views and other suggestions that I have missed – it would be great to hear your comments. This is where we come full circle in the discussion on improving your air consumption underwater. Diving is like many sports, the more you do, the better you get at it and the easier it all becomes. As things become second nature you can relax your body and mind allowing you to take full advantage of the air that you take underwater with you in your tank.

Richard was born in England & gravitated to water based activities from an early age starting with fishing & adding windsurfing, sailing & rowing before eventually ‘discovering’ diving in 1996. Becoming an immediate dive addict, he has been lucky enough to dive many hotspots around the world & spent considerable time & energy planning how to leave his previous career for a new one where he could combine his diving passion & working life. Richard fulfilled this in May 2002 by buying Matava Resort next to the Great Astrolabe Reef on the island of Kadavu in the Fiji Islands. He particularly enjoys the remoteness of this unspoilt location as much of the diving is exploratory. He has also thoroughly enjoyed working with experts attracted to the diversity of the fish & coral life & has recently started collecting ID data on the many Mantas in the area. Richard is a PADI Instructor & through active environmental programmes has achieved the Project AWARE Go Eco status for Matava.

Richard Akhtar
info@matava.com
http://www.matava.com
http://divingfiji.blogspot.com

If you are looking for one of the best scuba diving training centres in the world it is imperative that you know about the fabulous centres in Florida. Florida is located on the southeastern seaboard of the United States and is a very prime location for scuba diving training because it is tropical year-round and is plentiful in abundant sea life as well as marine plant life and corals. There are many of shipwrecks that are located in and around the Gulf of Mexico that fuels the new diver to discover the ultimate treasure at the bottom of the ocean!

Scouting Out A Location

There are literally many of scuba diving training centers throughout the world and as well all throughout Florida and they offer the very best in the latest technology and diving techniques as the goal of most scuba diving training centers is to provide the most current in technology and teachings. The governing body of scuba diving in the United States is called PADI. The job of PADI is to oversee the training facilities to ensure diving instructors are up to date with the equipment that they provide as well as teaching safe diving practices. This is an important issue when seeking out scuba diving training because if PADI as well as other governing bodies do not certify the establishment you are interested in getting training from, it is best to continue looking for a better program.

The majority of the scuba diving training centers in Florida have a wonderful post-training program in that they will actually offer the students a job placement option and this really sets many facilities apart from others. Students that finish scuba diving training often have a difficult time to find jobs or an internship and most Florida centers actually offer this. Be sure to check that your scuba diving training center has this option, as it is a student diver’s best friend and can secure a good future in the career.

If you have to travel to the Florida scuba diving training center, that is certainly not a problem because the scuba diving instructors realize that many people don’t have the opportunity to go scuba diving or to train in their home state or country and therefore most of the centers situated in Florida are created in such a way that they set up in a hotel that is typically on the beachfront. The centers will often times have training pools within the hotel as well as classrooms and a dive shop where you can purchase necessary items that pertain to diving.

If you want to learn more about scuba diving lessons please visit our site which is free to the public. You’ll find the best tips on everything to do with scuba diving equipment

Today, in the age of the Internet, savvy travelers can quickly and efficiently package vacations that include the options that matter most to them. For scuba diving enthusiasts, putting together a scuba diving vacation package – that bundles all the features you most look for in a vacation – is as close as your home computer.

There are several options when it comes to planning a scuba diving vacation package. First and foremost, an all-inclusive option allows you to find those resorts that will include accommodations, meals, scuba time, and equipment rental in one convenient price. The ability to add options can mean the addition of plane fare, off-property excursions, and even scuba lessons if needed.

Even if you can’t locate an appropriate all-inclusive property – or choose not to go that route – you can still combine all the things you want to do into one scuba diving vacation package. Start with a location that appeals to you as a scuba diving destination; think outside the box and creatively explore different areas. Book accommodations based on your journey of choice and available scuba time, equipment rental, and lesson offerings. Your scuba diving vacation packaging should be a reflection of your personality. If you’re someone who enjoys getting to know a particular area, then an entire week in one location may be most enjoyable for you. If you prefer to hop around, several days in a couple of different spots may make more sense.

Most importantly, be sure to research any companies that offer scuba to ensure their safety record and proper certifications. Some Internet research should yield the information you need to make a good decision.

Finally, be sure to do some comparison shopping with regard to prices of a scuba diving vacation package. You may find quite a bit of difference between months of travel and package inclusions. Many Internet travel sites can do comparison pricing. Or you may want to ask other scuba divers about their travel experiences and what made their scuba diving vacation package so successful.

For easy to understand, in depth information about scuba diving vacation package visit our ezGuide 2 Scuba Diving.

If you have ever been scuba diving it is possible that you have experienced the nosebleed scuba diving drama. This happens to many scuba divers especially beginners because they are often unsure when to stabilize however there are many reasons that divers experience nosebleed scuba diving. In order to discover why you are getting nosebleeds while diving it is essential to pinpoint the problem early and then eliminate it to prevent further episodes as nosebleeds can be a frightening thing.

Nosebleed Scuba Diving During Descent

These are very common as the nosebleed scuba diving individual is experiencing these effects of a little thing called ‘mask squeeze’. Mask squeeze results from not equalizing the pressure in the mast to match the water pressure and it creates a vacuum in the mask and this directly affects the nasal passages. For one reason, very small and weak blood vessels can rupture within the nose cavity and cause that nosebleed due to this pressure within the mask. This can easily be remedied by performing a slow descent while frequently adjusting the equalization of the mask.

One of the most common sources of nosebleed scuba diving is that the diver is congested and doesn’t have clear sinuses. Many divers take decongestants such as Sudafed for an example that can help clear these passages to avoid unnecessary pressure within your nasal passages. Most of these nosebleed scuba diving incidences are due to the very simple problem of blocked sinuses as high pressure in a plugged sinus can cause excess pressure and henceforth causing a tear that results in a nosebleed.

Most nosebleeds stop immediately as you come out of the water and don’t warrant an emergency room visit or medical advice. The diving instructor will verse you well on nosebleed scuba diving because although it is common, it scares many potential scuba divers away after only the first time because they have experienced this nosebleed scuba diving and they stay away from it forever not realizing how easy it is to remedy.

Nosebleed scuba diving sort of infers pressure even in reading those words together and it is no surprise, if you are at all knowledgeable in scuba diving, it is diving into deep water with apparatus designed to feed you air and offer you equalization so that you don‘t burst from the underwater pressure. Nosebleed scuba diving can be a natural result from diving in too deep of water but also can be an indicator of your sinus health. Research all you can before jumping in feet first into diving adventures because it can pose serious ramifications.

If you want to learn more about target="_blank">scuba diving holidays please visit our site which is free to the public. You’ll find the best tips on everything to do with scuba diving